See APA for another major academic style format.
MLA style
The Works Cited page is a list of all the sources cited in a research
paper. It provides all the information your readers need if they want to find
your original sources. Works are arranged in alphabetical order by the
last name of the author (last name, first name). If there is no author,
alphabetize by the first word of the title (excluding articles like "A,"
"An," or "The").
Use a hanging indent for each entry (First line flush left; subsequent
lines indented one half inch). Double-space all lines. Underline or italicize
titles of books, magazines, journals, newspapers, or films.
A book by a single author
Two or more books by the same author
A book by two or more authors
A book by a corporate author
A chapter or part of a book
An article in a reference book
Magazine article
Journal article
Newspaper article
Government Publications
Web page
Article in an electronic journal or magazine
Email message or listserv, newsgroup or discussion forum
posting
A book by
a single author:
Use the publication information provided on the title page (not the cover)
of the book. The copyright date is usually given on the back of the title
page. The standard MLA format for books is Author. Title. Place: Publisher,
date.
For example:
Krushke, Earl R. Gun Control:
A Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio, 1995.
Two
or more books by the same author:
Give the author's name in the first entry, then for subsequent entries, in
place of the name, type three hyphens followed by a period.
For example:
Gottlieb, Alan M. The Gun
Grabbers. Bellevue, WA: Merril Press, 1986.
---. Gun Rights Factbook. Bellevue, WA: Merril Press, 1988. Publishers,
1981.
A book
by two or more authors:
Give the authors' names as they appear on the title page, not necessarily
in alphabetical order. Reverse only the name of the first author, add a comma,
and type the other name(s) with the first name first.
For example:
Wilson, James Q., and Richard J.
Herrnstein. Crime and Human Nature. New York: Touchstone Books, 1986.
A book
by a corporate author:
A corporate author can be a company, organization, or other group whose individual
members are not identified on the title page. Use the corporate author as
the author, even if it is the same as the publisher.
For example:
National Rifle Association. The
Basics of Personal Protection: A Practical Handgun Handbook. Washington,
DC: National Rifle Association, 1988.
A chapter
or part of a book:
Give the author of the chapter or part first, and the title of the chapter
in quotation marks. Then indicate the book title, the editor or author of
the book, and the remaining publication information. Place the page numbers
for the entire chapter after the publication date.
Mills, C. Wright. "The Promise." Sociological Footprints. Ed. Leonard Cargan and Jeanne Ballantine. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1991. 129-145.
An article
in a reference book:
If the article is signed, give the author first; if it is unsigned, give the
article title first. If the encyclopedia or dictionary arranges entries alphabetically,
you may omit the volume and page numbers. If it is a very familiar reference
book (such as Encyclopedia Britannica), it is not necessary to give
full publisher information; simply give the edition, if stated, and the year
of publication
"Handgun." Encyclopedia Britannica. 1993 ed.
If it is a less familiar reference book, give complete information as follows:
Vince, Joseph J. "Firearms Tracing." The Encyclopedia of Police Science. Ed. William G. Bailey. New York: Garland Publishing, 1995.
Magazine
article:
When citing magazine articles, give the complete date, but do not include
volume and issue number. The title of the article should be in quotation marks,
and the title of the magazine underlined. The standard format is:
Author. "Title of Article." Title of Magazine Day Month Year:
pages.
For example:
Alter, Jonathan. "A different
kind of war." Newsweek 3 Aug. 1998: 27.
Journal
article:
In MLA style, the citation for scholarly journals differs slightly from that
for magazines. Volume and issue numbers are provided along with the year,
but month and day are omitted. If there is an issue number, place it after
the volume number and a period. For example, 69.3 indicates volume
69, issue 3. The standard format is:
Author. "Title of the article." Title of the journal volume number
(date):pages.
For example:
Singh, Robert. "Gun control
in America." Political Quarterly 69.3 (1998): 288-296.
Newspaper article:
If the newspaper is a local one, and the city name is not included in the
title of the newspaper, give the city in parentheses after the newspaper title.
For example, Courier-Journal (Louisville). Include the complete date, section
and page numbers. If a specific edition is stated, give the edition information
after the date.
For example:
Gorman, Linda. "Anti-gun
law is real danger." Denver Post 20 Jan. 1999: B7.
"Stagnant sales brought more lethal guns, critics say." News & Observer (Raleigh) 14 Feb. 1999, final ed.: A10.
Government Publications:
If you do not know the author, cite the government agency that issued the
publication as the author. Give the name of the government first, then the
name of the agency. Then give title, place, publisher (for U.S. federal documents
this is usually the Government Printing Office, or GPO), and date.
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means. Assault weapon import control : report together with dissenting views. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1990.
If the name of the author is known, begin the entry with that author's name.
Sheley, Joseph F. and James D. Wright. Gun acquisition and possession in selected juvenile samples. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 1993.
Web page:
For web pages, you will need to know the author and title of the page, the
date it was posted or last revised, the date you accessed the page, and the
URL (address). The standard format is:
Author. "Title of document." Title of complete work (if
applicable). Date of posting/revision. Date of access. <URL>.
For example:
Rogers, Paul. "Guns Kill
Children?" Firearm Facts Web Page. 18 Nov. 1997. 24 Feb. 1999.
<http://pw2.netcom.com/~wooffer/guns.html>.
Article
in an electronic journal or magazine:
This should look like a print article citation with the addition of access
date and URL.
For example:
Polsby, Daniel D. "Of Holocausts
and Gun Control." Washington University Law Quarterly 75.3 (1997).
24 Feb. 1999. <http://ls.wustl.edu/WULQ/75-3/753-4.html>.
Sugarmann, Josh. "Reverse Fire." Mother Jones Jan-Feb 1994. 17 May 1999. <http://bsd.mojones.com/mother_jones/JF94/sugarmann.html>.
Email message or listserv, newsgroup or discussion forum posting:
Robinson, Jane. "Gun safety." Personal email. 29 Apr. 1996. 3 May 1996.
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Last updated: Friday, 02-Jul-2004 14:56:55 EDT